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− | + | Cted that temporal discounting alternatives could be far better represented by a | |
− | + | Cted that temporal discounting options will be greater represented by a hyperbolic than exponential curve (Rachlin et al., 1991; Green et al., 1997; Johnson and Bickel, 2002; Myerson et al., 2003; Robles and Vargas, 2007; Steinberg et al., 2009). We expected considerable associations involving the four indicators of temporal discounting and that reaction instances would be greater in the indifference point choice than in the other choices. The preference to get a larger delayed reward was also anticipated to be drastically linked with higher cognitive abilities, dispositional tendencies toward much more persistence in pondering and CFCs, and significantly less substance use and gambling behavior.Components and MethodsParticipantsThe final sample consisted of 99 participants (37 males and 62 females) from an undergraduate university sample. The imply age with the sample was 20.72 years (SD = two.36, range = 18?30 years of age). Participants had been recruited on a university campus, and each volunteer received 15 for 1 h of participation. As inclusion criteria, participants had been needed to possess English as a 1st language or have already been schooled in English and should have spoken English for at least ten years. Initial year undergraduate students comprised 29.three of your sample, 32.three were second year undergraduates, 12.1 have been third year undergraduates, 18.two have been fourth year undergraduates, and 8 had graduated or have been post-undergraduate continuing education students.Measures Temporal Discounting TaskA staircase version of a temporal discounting decision activity adapted from Rachlin et al. (1991) was utilized within this study. This task was administered on a personal computer working with the plan Media Lab. This activity involved creating many hypothetical choices amongst an quick reward plus a delayed fixed reward. There have been 5 delay periods (1 month, 1, 5, ten, and 25 years) crossed with two reward magnitudes ( 100 and 10,000), both withinsubject variables. The instant variable reward changed within a sequential staircase manner by elements of 10. As an example, inside the one hundred reward magnitude block, the immediate reward changed by 10 increments ( ten, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,Associations between Behavioral Outcomes and Temporal DiscountingThere can be a sizable literature to suggest that temporal discounting is related with extra risky behavior. Temporal discounting studies have shown that cigarette smokers (Bickel et al., 1999), substance abusers with gambling problems (Petry and Casarella,Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.orgJune 2015 | Volume 6 | ArticleBasile and ToplakTemporal discounting and individual differencesand one hundred). Each and every participant created a total of 100 alternatives (two reward magnitudes ?five delay periods ?10 trials at each reward magnitude and delay period)1 . For the temporal discounting process, our criteria to decide the indifference point was a switch followed by two constant selections following the switch (primarily based on Hurst et al., 2010). We didn't identify any non-systematic responders around the temporal discounting process. It ought to also be noted that the participants had been individually tested with an experimenter, plus the experimenter would have clarified any unusual responding through the testing session. The reaction time for each and every choice within the temporal discounting activity was also collected. Four sets of dependent variables have been derived from this task. |
รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 21:34, 16 กรกฎาคม 2564
Cted that temporal discounting alternatives could be far better represented by a Cted that temporal discounting options will be greater represented by a hyperbolic than exponential curve (Rachlin et al., 1991; Green et al., 1997; Johnson and Bickel, 2002; Myerson et al., 2003; Robles and Vargas, 2007; Steinberg et al., 2009). We expected considerable associations involving the four indicators of temporal discounting and that reaction instances would be greater in the indifference point choice than in the other choices. The preference to get a larger delayed reward was also anticipated to be drastically linked with higher cognitive abilities, dispositional tendencies toward much more persistence in pondering and CFCs, and significantly less substance use and gambling behavior.Components and MethodsParticipantsThe final sample consisted of 99 participants (37 males and 62 females) from an undergraduate university sample. The imply age with the sample was 20.72 years (SD = two.36, range = 18?30 years of age). Participants had been recruited on a university campus, and each volunteer received 15 for 1 h of participation. As inclusion criteria, participants had been needed to possess English as a 1st language or have already been schooled in English and should have spoken English for at least ten years. Initial year undergraduate students comprised 29.three of your sample, 32.three were second year undergraduates, 12.1 have been third year undergraduates, 18.two have been fourth year undergraduates, and 8 had graduated or have been post-undergraduate continuing education students.Measures Temporal Discounting TaskA staircase version of a temporal discounting decision activity adapted from Rachlin et al. (1991) was utilized within this study. This task was administered on a personal computer working with the plan Media Lab. This activity involved creating many hypothetical choices amongst an quick reward plus a delayed fixed reward. There have been 5 delay periods (1 month, 1, 5, ten, and 25 years) crossed with two reward magnitudes ( 100 and 10,000), both withinsubject variables. The instant variable reward changed within a sequential staircase manner by elements of 10. As an example, inside the one hundred reward magnitude block, the immediate reward changed by 10 increments ( ten, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,Associations between Behavioral Outcomes and Temporal DiscountingThere can be a sizable literature to suggest that temporal discounting is related with extra risky behavior. Temporal discounting studies have shown that cigarette smokers (Bickel et al., 1999), substance abusers with gambling problems (Petry and Casarella,Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.orgJune 2015 | Volume 6 | ArticleBasile and ToplakTemporal discounting and individual differencesand one hundred). Each and every participant created a total of 100 alternatives (two reward magnitudes ?five delay periods ?10 trials at each reward magnitude and delay period)1 . For the temporal discounting process, our criteria to decide the indifference point was a switch followed by two constant selections following the switch (primarily based on Hurst et al., 2010). We didn't identify any non-systematic responders around the temporal discounting process. It ought to also be noted that the participants had been individually tested with an experimenter, plus the experimenter would have clarified any unusual responding through the testing session. The reaction time for each and every choice within the temporal discounting activity was also collected. Four sets of dependent variables have been derived from this task.