ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "หน้าหลัก"

จาก wiki.surinsanghasociety
ไปยังการนำทาง ไปยังการค้นหา
ล
ล
แถว 1: แถว 1:
−
isolation in explaining such a complex, multiply influenced developmental procedure as resilience. In accordance with the differential susceptibility to environmental influence hypothesis proffered by Belsky and Pluess (2009; Belsky, Jonassaint, Pluess, Stanton, Brummett,   Williams, 2009), genes that confer danger in harsh environments may well confer rewards in normal or nurturing environments. In other words, the characteristics of individuals (like their genotypes) that render them disproportionately far more vulnerable to experiencing adversity may possibly also make them disproportionately extra most likely to advantage from supportive contexts (Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg,   van IJzendoorn, 2007; Boyce  Ellis, 2005; Ellis, Boyce, Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg,   van IJzendoorn, 2011). Within this, the initial investigation in the contributions that molecular gene variants may well make to the development of resilience in maltreated and nonmaltreated young children from low-SES backgrounds, we chose to investigate the separate and cumulative contributions of 4 candidate genes: the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT); the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR); the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4, -521 C/T SNP) gene; and the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) gene. Each and every of these genes was selected because of their associations with aspects of behavior located to be predictive of resilience in single level psychosocial research. 5-HTT has been shown to become involved in brain improvement and in person differences in mood and emotion regulation (Caspi et al., 2010), which have already been demonstrated to become related to resilience in behavioral and biological investigation (Curtis  Cicchetti, 2007; Davidson, 2000). Nonmaltreated children may have larger imply levels of resilient functioning than maltreated young children along with a greater percentage of youngsters in the high resilience group. Nonetheless, higher resilient maltreated young children will exist. We will examine regardless of whether genetic variation in four candidate genes, 5-HTTLPR, CRHR1, DRD4 -521C/T, and OXTR, contributes to variation in resilient functioning in low-income young children. Primarily based on prior proof inside the literature, we usually do not anticipate the independent major impact of each gene to become robust. We are going to investigate the prospective for Gene X Atmosphere interactions amongst each on the four candidate genes and child maltreatment practical experience, in an effort to determine prospective genetic moderation on the effect of maltreatment on resilient strivings in low-income children. Unique genes can be associated to resilient strivings primarily based on maltreatment experiences. Based on the paucity of study on the function of Gene X Atmosphere interactions in resilience, we did not posit a priori expectations about distinct genotypes that could show differential effects for maltreated and nonmaltreated children. We count on that the collective influence of variants from many genes, in interaction with kid maltreatment practical experience, will raise prediction of variation in resilient functioning among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Among the group of kids who have higher levels of resilient functioning, maltreated and nonmaltreated young children will differ in their genetic presentation.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript2.three.4.5.MethodParticipants The participants in this investigation incorporated 595 youngsters aged six to twelve (M age = 9.81, SD = 2.06) who attended a summer time camp research program created for school-aged low-income youngsters. So
+
NA; Lane 2, digested with ApaI; Lane 3, digested with MluI; Lane 4, concatenated
 +
NA; Lane 2, digested with ApaI; Lane 3, digested with MluI; Lane 4, concatenated lambda marker (fragment sizes, from bottom in Kb, are 48.5, 97, 145.5, 194, 242.5, 291, 339.5, 388 and 436.5). Panel B: Maps of ApaI and MluI restriction endonuclease cleavage sites within the AbM4 genome.A GAMOLA/ARTEMIS [31,32] software suite was used to manage genome annotation. Proteinencoding open reading frames (ORFs) were identified using the ORF-prediction program Glimmer [33] and BLASTX [34,35]. A manual inspection was performed to verify or, if necessary, redefine the start and stop codons of each ORF. Assignment of protein function to ORFs was performed manually using results from the following sources; BLASTP [34] to both a non-redundant protein database provided by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [36] and clusters of orthologous groups (COG) database [37]. HMMER [38] was used to identify protein motifs to both the PFAM [39] and TIGRFAM [40] libraries. TMHMM [41,42] was used to predict transmembrane sequences, and SignalP, versionGenome annotation4.1 [43] was used for the prediction of signal peptides. Ribosomal RNA genes were detected on the basis of BLASTN searches to a custom GAMOLA ribosomal database. Transfer RNA genes were identified using tRNAscan-SE [44]. Miscellaneouscoding RNAs were identified using the Rfam database [45] utilizing the INFERNAL software package [46]. The AbM4 genome sequence was prepared for NCBI submission using Sequin [47]. The adenine residue of the start codon of the Cdc6-1 replication initiation protein (Abm4_0001) gene was chosen as the first base for the AbM4 genome. The nucleotide sequence of the Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4 chromosome has been deposited in Genbank under accession number CP004050.Standards in Genomic SciencesThe genome of Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4 consists of a single 1,998,189 bp circular chromosome with an average G+C content of 29 . A total of 1,730 genes were predicted, 1,671 of which were proteincoding genes. A putative function was assigned to 1,258 of the protein-coding genes, while the remaining protein coding genes were annotated as hypothetical proteins. The properties and statistics of the genome are summarized in Tables 3 and 4, and are compared with genomes of other sequenced gut methanogens for the order Methanobacteriales in Table 5. Comparative analysis of the orfeomes of the rumen methanogen genome sequences, AbM4, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1 and the draft genome sequence of Methanobrevibacter sp. JHI [48], reveal that their gene content is largely comparable, particularly AbM4 and JHI (Figure 4). This suggests that the central metabolism and the methanogenesis pathway of these strains are similar. Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen and the genes involved in the methanogenesis pathway, and associated functions are shown in Figure 5. The presence or absence of these genes is indicated within complete genomes of gut methanogens of the order Methanobacteriales. The methane formation pathway in AbM4 is very similar to that of M1 and each of the 7 enzymatic steps expected for the reduction of CO2 (or formate) through to methane using H2 is present. AbM4 and M1 are distinguished from the human gut methanogens, Methanobrevibacter smithii PS [49] and Methanosphaera stadtmanae MCB-3 [50], by the absence of the methanol:cobalamin methyltransferase genes (mtaABC) which mediate methanol utilization in these organisms. Hydrogenotroph.

รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 02:21, 28 ธันวาคม 2564

NA; Lane 2, digested with ApaI; Lane 3, digested with MluI; Lane 4, concatenated NA; Lane 2, digested with ApaI; Lane 3, digested with MluI; Lane 4, concatenated lambda marker (fragment sizes, from bottom in Kb, are 48.5, 97, 145.5, 194, 242.5, 291, 339.5, 388 and 436.5). Panel B: Maps of ApaI and MluI restriction endonuclease cleavage sites within the AbM4 genome.A GAMOLA/ARTEMIS [31,32] software suite was used to manage genome annotation. Proteinencoding open reading frames (ORFs) were identified using the ORF-prediction program Glimmer [33] and BLASTX [34,35]. A manual inspection was performed to verify or, if necessary, redefine the start and stop codons of each ORF. Assignment of protein function to ORFs was performed manually using results from the following sources; BLASTP [34] to both a non-redundant protein database provided by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [36] and clusters of orthologous groups (COG) database [37]. HMMER [38] was used to identify protein motifs to both the PFAM [39] and TIGRFAM [40] libraries. TMHMM [41,42] was used to predict transmembrane sequences, and SignalP, versionGenome annotation4.1 [43] was used for the prediction of signal peptides. Ribosomal RNA genes were detected on the basis of BLASTN searches to a custom GAMOLA ribosomal database. Transfer RNA genes were identified using tRNAscan-SE [44]. Miscellaneouscoding RNAs were identified using the Rfam database [45] utilizing the INFERNAL software package [46]. The AbM4 genome sequence was prepared for NCBI submission using Sequin [47]. The adenine residue of the start codon of the Cdc6-1 replication initiation protein (Abm4_0001) gene was chosen as the first base for the AbM4 genome. The nucleotide sequence of the Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4 chromosome has been deposited in Genbank under accession number CP004050.Standards in Genomic SciencesThe genome of Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4 consists of a single 1,998,189 bp circular chromosome with an average G+C content of 29 . A total of 1,730 genes were predicted, 1,671 of which were proteincoding genes. A putative function was assigned to 1,258 of the protein-coding genes, while the remaining protein coding genes were annotated as hypothetical proteins. The properties and statistics of the genome are summarized in Tables 3 and 4, and are compared with genomes of other sequenced gut methanogens for the order Methanobacteriales in Table 5. Comparative analysis of the orfeomes of the rumen methanogen genome sequences, AbM4, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1 and the draft genome sequence of Methanobrevibacter sp. JHI [48], reveal that their gene content is largely comparable, particularly AbM4 and JHI (Figure 4). This suggests that the central metabolism and the methanogenesis pathway of these strains are similar. Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4 is a hydrogenotrophic methanogen and the genes involved in the methanogenesis pathway, and associated functions are shown in Figure 5. The presence or absence of these genes is indicated within complete genomes of gut methanogens of the order Methanobacteriales. The methane formation pathway in AbM4 is very similar to that of M1 and each of the 7 enzymatic steps expected for the reduction of CO2 (or formate) through to methane using H2 is present. AbM4 and M1 are distinguished from the human gut methanogens, Methanobrevibacter smithii PS [49] and Methanosphaera stadtmanae MCB-3 [50], by the absence of the methanol:cobalamin methyltransferase genes (mtaABC) which mediate methanol utilization in these organisms. Hydrogenotroph.

ดึงข้อมูลจาก "https://wiki.surinsanghasociety.com/index.php?title=หน้าหลัก&oldid=1046109"