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Eletsky, et al., 2012; Lunze et al., 2012; Rhodes et al., 2006; Sarang, Rhodes, Sheon, Page, 2010; Wolfe, Carrieri, Shepard, 2010). Such research likely require to include examination of dehumanizing attitudes toward FSWs and drug users and appropriateness of police handle of this population; such attitudes have already been demonstrated as pervasive among police in Russia (Rhodes, et al., 2012; Sarang, et al., 2010). Such work can guide structural well being intervention approaches for FSWs, an strategy which has been demonstrated to perform in other national settings, like India, Dominican Republic, and also the China (Kerrigan et al., 2006; Morisky Urada, 2011; P. Parimi, Mishra, Tucker, N., 2012).NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptInt J Drug Policy. Author manuscript; out there in PMC 2014 October 28.Odinokova et al.PageWhile this study offers crucial findings and implications for future interventions, final results must be thought of inside the context of many study limitations. This study might not be representative of your general experiences of violence and coercion amongst FSW in Russia, but only of experiences amongst street-based FSWs in these websites. One of the most vulnerable sex workers, for instance victims of trafficking and underage girls, are usually by far the most hidden in other national contexts (Brennan, 2005; Goldenberg et al., 2012; Gozdziak Collett, 2005; Silverman, 2011) and may very well be significantly less represented in this study, at the same time. There's no data around the context or situations of the police sexual violence; as a result, we can not know whether these instances involve the level and nature of your force (e.g., in exchange for any fine or with all the threat of physical violence). You will discover also no data to guide understanding of regardless of whether and how these indications of force could possibly be linked to other forms of police violence and manage, such as extortion and harassment of IDUs (e.g., confiscation of needles), behaviors demonstrated in earlier investigation from Russia (Rhodes, et al., 2006; Sarang, et al., 2010; Wolfe, et al., 2010). How police sexual violence impacts HIV prevention, including the police practice of applying condoms as proof to arrest FSWs (Borges, Medina-Mora, Breslau, AguilarGaxiola, 2007; Rhodes, et al., 2008; Shannon et al., 2008; Shannon, et al., 2009) additional needs investigation. These limitations support the need to have for further study to clarify present study findings.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCONCLUSIONCurrent findings document the substantial function police sexual violence plays within the lives of FSW in Russia. These findings also highlight heightened vulnerability to such violence amongst self-managed and substance abusing FSW in this context. Structural interventions addressing police violence against FSW could be helpful to enhance the health and security of this population. Nevertheless, far more research on this problem is necessary to assist clarify present study findings, investigate the relationship between police sexual coercion and HIV/STI, and support future intervention efforts in this area.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to Dr Iossif Gurvich (Sociological Institute of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia) for his important input into study notion and design and style of information collection tool and to our community collaborators Dr Elwina Vinogradova (Center Indicator, Orenburg, Russia) and Zinaida Bodanovskaya (NGO Stellit, St. Petersburg, Russia) for management and monitoring of information collection. We t.