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Behavior, cultural theories rooted within the field of sociology have already been
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E in rated interpretability would be informative in figuring out how robust these patterns associated to interpretability are.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCogn Neuropsychol. Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2015 January 01.Fiorentino et al.PageThus, the findings of the present study get in touch with for further investigation of the precise nature of the post-decompositional mechanisms involved within the processing of compounds, such as to what extent lexicalized and novel compound processing engages semantic compositional mechanisms (see, e.g., Gagn?  Spalding, 2009 for an method to compound composition making recourse to relational structures; for an EEG study probing relation data in Chinese compounds employing a relation priming paradigm, see Jia, Wang, Zhang, and Zhang, 2013). Certainly, the contribution of morpheme meaning for the processing of compounds has been not too long ago raised as a challenge to each obligatory decomposition and dual-route models by Kuperman (2013), who argued that a range of semantic properties of morphemes did not impact recognition of compounds, as tested with lexical selection latencies. As pointed out by an anonymous reviewer, it is actually possible that brain-level data might present an alternative approach to probe the extent to which morpheme meanings contribute for the process of assigning meanings to compounds, given that there may very well be brain responses associated to combinatorial processing which might be not isomorphic towards the eventual behavioral lexical choice patterns. In addition, further studies are known as for which utilize either passive reading tasks, or tasks in which the behavioral judgment isn't directly associated to Lexicality. As also noted by an anonymous reviewer, a single basic challenge with which includes Lexicality in lexical selection designs like the existing study is that Lexicality may possibly then be confounded with participants' Answer. As a result, the presence/absence of an effect of Structure inside a amount of Lexicality might then be recast as an effect inside a degree of Answer. As we cannot quickly disambiguate these two potential interpretations of the Lexicality element in principle within a lexical choice job, job manipulations would deliver a clear way forward in far better understanding what underlies the Lexicality distinction. A single solution to discover whether or not participants' answering behavior can be contributing to the EEG effects elicited in the existing study would be to correlate individuals' degree of responding `yes' to novel compounds (which goes against the coded `no' Lexicality of these compounds) with the EEG effects involving novel compounds. Though individuals are extremely correct (i.e., their answers agree with coded Lexicality) for nonwords (mean 99 , standard deviation two ), individuals do vary with respect to how most likely they are to accept a novel compound (imply 85 , typical deviation 21 ); that is probably unsurprising, as the novel compounds are morphologically well-formed, and some of them are reasonably uncomplicated to generate an interpretation for. For the present purposes, this gives a context in which there's no less than some distinction involving coded Lexicality and participant Answer. We correlated the size of individuals' behavioral distinction in between novel compounds and nonwords in % of `no' answer (for these two circumstances, a `no' answer accords with coded Lexicality), and individuals' size of ERP effects for novel compounds vs. nonwords in each area and time window.four No substantial.
Behavior, cultural theories rooted in the field of sociology have already been proposed to explain how earnings influences parenting and kid behavior. Oscar Lewis (1969) proposed that economically disadvantaged folks are influenced via a "culture of poverty," such that living in persistent poverty engenders precise cultural norms,Annu Rev Clin Psychol. Author manuscript; obtainable in PMC 2014 October 13.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptShaw and ShellebyPagevalues, beliefs, and practices that develop into long-standing in poor households and communities. As researchers have noted, quite a few scholars moved away from this framework since it had been seen as a type of blaming individuals who knowledge poverty for perpetuating disadvantage and adverse outcomes (Tiny, Harding,   Lamont, 2010). For instance, Lewis hypothesized that though structural things outdoors of one's manage may initially give rise to differing values, beliefs, and behaviors associated with poverty, more than time these values, beliefs, and behaviors are posited to become perpetuated in families and communities and can serve as a result in for continued poverty across generations (Magnuson  Votruba-Drzal, 2006). Even so, much more recent applications have attempted to think about how cultural influences are linked with disadvantage without having necessarily suggesting that the perpetuation of these cultural norms provides rise to continued poverty or that poverty could be attributed towards the values and also the beliefs of people that are poor (e.g., Magnuson  Votruba-Drzal, 2006; Tiny, Harding,  Lamont, 2010). Applied for the study of early youngster improvement, this viewpoint suggests that socioeconomic disadvantage influences cultural norms and expectations about parenting and youngster behavior which, in turn, influence the techniques in which parents from disadvantaged backgrounds raise their kids and consequently how youngsters behave (e.g., Lareau, 2011). One example is, Lareau (2011) has recommended that in comparison with much more advantaged parents who view their parenting role as actively advertising the well-being and improvement of their children, economically disadvantaged parents view their children's improvement as "unfolding naturally" and therefore requiring tiny promotion outside the provision of sources to meet standard demands (Lareau, 2011; Magnuson  Votruba-Drzal, 2006). Lareau (2011) describes this distinction because the "concerted cultivation" viewpoint of middle-class parents versus the "natural growth" viewpoint of reduced revenue parents. In ethnographic work, Lareau delivers specific examples of differences in beliefs and norms that may be related to socioeconomic variations, for example how parents from a working-class family may encourage their child to fight back if other youngsters grow to be aggressive at college, and how this might place them at odds with college personnel. Differences in parental beliefs as well as the messages that kids are provided with regards to acceptable behavior that may well differ systematically by socioeconomic status hence may possibly also have an essential influence around the behaviors children demonstrate.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptApplying extant models of poverty to early-onset CPThe Loved ones Tension Model and Children's Early Conduct Challenges Primarily based on young children's physical and psychological dependence on parents, the influential contribution parenting and components that compromise parenting excellent have been shown to possess on the developmen.
 

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E in rated interpretability would be informative in figuring out how robust these patterns associated to interpretability are.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptCogn Neuropsychol. Author manuscript; readily available in PMC 2015 January 01.Fiorentino et al.PageThus, the findings of the present study get in touch with for further investigation of the precise nature of the post-decompositional mechanisms involved within the processing of compounds, such as to what extent lexicalized and novel compound processing engages semantic compositional mechanisms (see, e.g., Gagn? Spalding, 2009 for an method to compound composition making recourse to relational structures; for an EEG study probing relation data in Chinese compounds employing a relation priming paradigm, see Jia, Wang, Zhang, and Zhang, 2013). Certainly, the contribution of morpheme meaning for the processing of compounds has been not too long ago raised as a challenge to each obligatory decomposition and dual-route models by Kuperman (2013), who argued that a range of semantic properties of morphemes did not impact recognition of compounds, as tested with lexical selection latencies. As pointed out by an anonymous reviewer, it is actually possible that brain-level data might present an alternative approach to probe the extent to which morpheme meanings contribute for the process of assigning meanings to compounds, given that there may very well be brain responses associated to combinatorial processing which might be not isomorphic towards the eventual behavioral lexical choice patterns. In addition, further studies are known as for which utilize either passive reading tasks, or tasks in which the behavioral judgment isn't directly associated to Lexicality. As also noted by an anonymous reviewer, a single basic challenge with which includes Lexicality in lexical selection designs like the existing study is that Lexicality may possibly then be confounded with participants' Answer. As a result, the presence/absence of an effect of Structure inside a amount of Lexicality might then be recast as an effect inside a degree of Answer. As we cannot quickly disambiguate these two potential interpretations of the Lexicality element in principle within a lexical choice job, job manipulations would deliver a clear way forward in far better understanding what underlies the Lexicality distinction. A single solution to discover whether or not participants' answering behavior can be contributing to the EEG effects elicited in the existing study would be to correlate individuals' degree of responding `yes' to novel compounds (which goes against the coded `no' Lexicality of these compounds) with the EEG effects involving novel compounds. Though individuals are extremely correct (i.e., their answers agree with coded Lexicality) for nonwords (mean 99 , standard deviation two ), individuals do vary with respect to how most likely they are to accept a novel compound (imply 85 , typical deviation 21 ); that is probably unsurprising, as the novel compounds are morphologically well-formed, and some of them are reasonably uncomplicated to generate an interpretation for. For the present purposes, this gives a context in which there's no less than some distinction involving coded Lexicality and participant Answer. We correlated the size of individuals' behavioral distinction in between novel compounds and nonwords in % of `no' answer (for these two circumstances, a `no' answer accords with coded Lexicality), and individuals' size of ERP effects for novel compounds vs. nonwords in each area and time window.four No substantial.