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Es.PATHWAYS For the Amg RELEVANT FOR NON-CONSCIOUS EMOTION PERCEPTIONThe canonical Es.PATHWAYS For the Amg RELEVANT FOR NON-CONSCIOUS EMOTION PERCEPTIONThe canonical pathway for the transmission of visual facts from the retina for the Amg passes via the occipito-temporal cortex along the ventral stream, together with the primary projection originating from the anterior part of the inferior temporal cortex (TE) (e.g., Kravitz et al., 2013). Even so, prior research in rodents documented the part of midbrain structures for fast but coarse processing of affectively laden auditory and visual stimuli, thereby documenting a subcortical pathway towards the Amg that bypasses the major sensory cortices (Jones and Burton, 1976; Campeau and Davis, 1995; LeDoux, 1996; Doron and Ledoux, 1999; Linke et al., 1999; Shi and Davis, 2001). Neuroimaging information on healthful subjects in whom sensory unawareness for emotional stimuli had been induced by experimental manipulations have shown that the superior colliculus, pulvinar, and Amg are generally activated in response to non-consciously processed emotional signals (Whalen et al., 1998; Morris et al., 1999; Vuilleumier et al., 2003b; Whalen et al., 2004; Liddell et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2006b). Conversely, the major cortical route that relays visual input for the Amg does not appear to respond substantially throughout sensory unawareness, but does so when the emotional stimuli are perceived consciously (Pasley et al., 2004; Williams et al., 2006a,b). Unseen facial and bodily expressions have yielded related findings when presented in the blind fields of patients with affective blindsight. This indicates that a functional subcortical route to the Amg is invovled in emotion perception during sensory unawareness (Morris et al., 2001; de Gelder et al., 2005, 2011; Pegna et al., 2005; Tamietto and de Gelder, 2010; Van den Stock et al., 2011a,b, 2013, 2015a; Georgy et al., 2016). The involvement of your superior colliculus and pulvinar is in maintaining with their connectional pattern and physiological properties. Notably, the superficial layers of your SC obtain direct retinal input only in the Magnocellular and Koniocellular channels originating in the parasol and bistratified retinal ganglion cells, respectively (Goldberg and Robinson, 1978; Casagrande, 1994; Waleszczyk et al., 2004). Also the medial subdivision of the inferior pulvinar receives direct projections from the retina, in addition to input originatingFrontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.orgJanuary 2017 | Volume 7 | ArticleDiano et al.Amygdala Response Through Emotional Unawarenessfrom the superior colliculus and targeting the centro-medial and Epothilone B Inhibitor posterior subdivisions in the inferior pulvinar. Therefore, these subcortical structures are ideally positioned to convey visual input towards the Amg and bypass transient or permanent inactivation from the visual cortices. Single cell recordings in monkeys offered independent help for the function of your superior colliculus and pulvinar in encoding emotional expressions (Nguyen et al., 2014). Indeed, a subpopulation of neurons in the superior colliculus responds to faces or face-like pictures also when the photos were filtered in low spatial frequency. Additionally, the magnitude and latency of such responses within the superior colliculus to face images correlated substantially with these recorded in the pulvinar. Noteworthy, neurons inside the monkey pulvinar respond differentially to specific emotional expressions, as shown in a different cell recording study in the identical group (Maior et al., 2010). Granted the part of a.