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Ultaneous reduction of accidents or injuries and improvement from the overall health Ultaneous reduction of accidents or injuries and improvement of the well being status with the workforce is perhaps one of the most obvious cause. The idea that an integrated method can realize each objectives more effectively is appealing and tends to make common sense. Leveraging already available resources (for example safety-related sources and processes to further health promoting objectives) may well also be regarded great resource stewardship (1, 7, 18). Second, workers' risk of illness is enhanced by exposure to both occupational hazards and risk-related behaviors. As an example, tobacco smoke contains toxic agents (e.g., benzene) that may perhaps also be present in specific workplace environments. Workers who smoke may perhaps be doubly exposed to these agents resulting from their exposure to workplace hazards. These exposuresJ Occup Environ Med. Author manuscript; out there in PMC 2014 December 01.PronkPagemay act synergistically when effects go beyond the addition on the two exposures alone, for instance inside the case of tobacco smoke and asbestos (19, 20). Third, workers at highest risk for exposure to hazardous functioning situations are also those probably to engage in larger threat behaviors or have recognized health threat aspects like obesity or hypertension. Working-class occupations usually have additional job risk exposures and are extra probably to become injured or ill because of workplace hazards as when compared with experienced staff (21?9). Fourth, integrating OSH and WHP may possibly increase participation, engagement, and achievement prices (effectiveness) for high-risk workers. The fact that folks often location highest priority on these risks that happen to be outdoors their private control, are undetectable, and seemingly unfair (30?2) (functions associated with job hazards), could lead workers to perceive that reduction of occupational hazards is a lot more crucial than individual overall health behavior alterations (33). Skepticism about an organizational commitment to shield worker well being may possibly reduce employee participation in WHP applications (13, 34, 35). Conversely, employer efforts to create a corporate culture of trust and respect may possibly enhance workers' receptivity and openness to messages and programs created to transform behaviors and increase health (36, 37). Lastly, integrating OSH and WHP may benefit the larger organization through expense reductions or expense savings. Constructive financial outcomes cannot be generated devoid of intervention effectiveness. A systematic review by the Task Force on Community Preventive Services noted robust evidence of effectiveness for assessments of wellness danger with feedback plus follow-up interventions (38). Despite some studies reporting mixed outcomes (39) or expressing cautious optimism for achieving positive return on investment (40), evidence of optimistic economic impact of OSH interventions (41, 42) and WHP applications (43?five) separately is supported by a growing literature. Even so, proof of cost savings because of IWHPP programs is only gradually emerging (four, 46).Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptEvidence of Effectiveness for Integrated Worker Well being Protection and Promotion ProgramsIWHPP programs are those that integrate OSH and WHP components, not those that look at either one particular or the other. To summarize current expertise, a literature search (Pub Med database; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) was carried out to recognize reports on IWHPP applications by using important words and search strings that have been primarily based around the results depicted in Figure 1.