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isolation in explaining such a complex, multiply influenced developmental procedure as resilience. In accordance with the differential susceptibility to environmental influence hypothesis proffered by Belsky and Pluess (2009; Belsky, Jonassaint, Pluess, Stanton, Brummett, Williams, 2009), genes that confer danger in harsh environments may well confer rewards in normal or nurturing environments. In other words, the characteristics of individuals (like their genotypes) that render them disproportionately far more vulnerable to experiencing adversity may possibly also make them disproportionately extra most likely to advantage from supportive contexts (Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, 2007; Boyce Ellis, 2005; Ellis, Boyce, Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, 2011). Within this, the initial investigation in the contributions that molecular gene variants may well make to the development of resilience in maltreated and nonmaltreated young children from low-SES backgrounds, we chose to investigate the separate and cumulative contributions of 4 candidate genes: the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT); the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR); the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4, -521 C/T SNP) gene; and the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) gene. Each and every of these genes was selected because of their associations with aspects of behavior located to be predictive of resilience in single level psychosocial research. 5-HTT has been shown to become involved in brain improvement and in person differences in mood and emotion regulation (Caspi et al., 2010), which have already been demonstrated to become related to resilience in behavioral and biological investigation (Curtis Cicchetti, 2007; Davidson, 2000). Nonmaltreated children may have larger imply levels of resilient functioning than maltreated young children along with a greater percentage of youngsters in the high resilience group. Nonetheless, higher resilient maltreated young children will exist. We will examine regardless of whether genetic variation in four candidate genes, 5-HTTLPR, CRHR1, DRD4 -521C/T, and OXTR, contributes to variation in resilient functioning in low-income young children. Primarily based on prior proof inside the literature, we usually do not anticipate the independent major impact of each gene to become robust. We are going to investigate the prospective for Gene X Atmosphere interactions amongst each on the four candidate genes and child maltreatment practical experience, in an effort to determine prospective genetic moderation on the effect of maltreatment on resilient strivings in low-income children. Unique genes can be associated to resilient strivings primarily based on maltreatment experiences. Based on the paucity of study on the function of Gene X Atmosphere interactions in resilience, we did not posit a priori expectations about distinct genotypes that could show differential effects for maltreated and nonmaltreated children. We count on that the collective influence of variants from many genes, in interaction with kid maltreatment practical experience, will raise prediction of variation in resilient functioning among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Among the group of kids who have higher levels of resilient functioning, maltreated and nonmaltreated young children will differ in their genetic presentation.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript2.three.4.5.MethodParticipants The participants in this investigation incorporated 595 youngsters aged six to twelve (M age = 9.81, SD = 2.06) who attended a summer time camp research program created for school-aged low-income youngsters. So