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Gingival tooth sites. Foremost amongst this group are three species which Gingival tooth sites. Foremost amongst this group are three species which comprise the so-called "red complex", are frequently isolated together, and are strongly associated with diseased sites in the mouth: Porphyromonas gingivalis (formerly known as Bacteroides gingivalis)20, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia21,22. Much research work has been directed towards understanding the pathogenic mechanisms and virulence determinants of these three bacterial species in the context of a conventional host-pathogen interaction, as exemplified by diseases with a single infective etiology21. Support for the alternative hypothesis, in which periodontal pathogens transform the normally symbioti.